With the growing interest and concerns about the concept of smart city, assessing the smart city gains increasing attention from government planners, policy makers and related researchers around the world. This paper aims to provide a critical review of metrics involving national frameworks,...

Measuring the information environment of firms using analyst (price) forecast bias and forecast dispersion before listing, we empirically examine the interactive influence of the information environment and market-wide sentiment on the initial returns of initial public offerings (IPOs). We find...