It is clear that at present various versions of the Calvo (1983) model of price adjustment are dominant in monetary policy analysis'see, e.g., Woodford (2003). This is true despite well-known criticisms including Mankiw (2001) or Mankiw and Reis (2002) and the well-documented need for the...

To be useful as a guide to behavior, a model that includes a relationship between x_t and z_t+1 must specify whether x_t is influenced by the expectation at t of z_t+1 or, that z_t+1 is inertially influenced by x_t. We show that, for a broad class of linear RE models, distinct causal...