Location-based social media data is, increasingly, an important facilitator of exploring the movement of goods and people in and between countries across the globe. Typical examples include Twitter, Facebook, Foursquare. As with all social media data outputs, the fundamental value of...

Throughout the imperial era, defensive walls surrounded Chinese cities. Although most city walls have vanished, the cities have survived. We analyze a sample of nearly 300 prefectural-level cities in China, among which about half historically had city walls. We document that cities that had...

We study spatial inequality in access to local public services between low-income and high-income households in Chinese cities. We examine the extent to which such inequality is exacerbated by residential sorting with respect to household income that makes neighborhoods with better access to...