Recently several countries, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, have at least … partially reversed their earlier moves towards compulsory defined-contribution schemes. This paper concentrates on Poland, which … sharply relative to those of working-age population. Partially reversing pension reform will also cost Poland in terms of risk …

, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Germany). By locating the national energy policies in a historical context …

focus is on the incidence of the subsidy, i.e., we ask how much of the € 2,500 buyer subsidy is captured by the supply … subsidy amount. However, the incidence was heterogeneous across price segments. Subsidized buyers of cheap cars paid more than … comparable buyers who did not receive the subsidy, e.g. for cars of € 12,000 car dealers reaped about 8% of the scrappage prime …

of the criticisms of the current subsidy system, however, is that it overemphasizes work and does little to encourage … care subsidies for child development. In this paper, we provide a systematic assessment of the impact of subsidy receipt on … relationship between child care subsidies and child development. In particular, our results suggest that subsidy receipt in the …