In recent years, demutualized stock exchanges have been increasingly engaging in M&A and alliance activities. To examine the effect of these growth strategies on exchange shareholders’ value creation, we focus on 14 public stock exchanges and investigate their short-run share price responses...

The Treaty of Accession consists of several parts. The overarching document is the short Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. Attached to the Treaty is the Act of Accession and its Annexes. This act enters into force only in the event...

This EEA report constitutes the main part of the European Community's submission of its initial report to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report establishes the assigned amount for the European Community (EU-15), and demonstrates its...

This EEA report constitutes the main part of the European Community's submission of its initial report to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report establishes the assigned amount for the European Community (EU-15), and demonstrates its...

The depletion of the ozone layer by man-made chemicals was discovered in the mid-1970s. It was once described by the Nobel prize-winning scientist Paul Crutzen as u0093the worst disaster to hit the global environmentu0094. The international response embodied in the Montreal Protocol has been...

The Practice Guide intends to give an overview of the relevant current legal provisions (including case law) on matters of private international law and posting in the area of employment contracts to assist practitioners . This Guide is not intended to be legally authoritative, nor does it...

Traditional theory about international business suggests that companies first establish a solid home market and go global only in later stages of their life cycle. However, this view is challenged by research that shows that some firms internationalise quickly after start-up – so-called...

Restructuring is part and parcel of the economic fabric in Europe, as companies must adapt to altered conditions in a bid to remain sustainable and competitive. Most of the policy focus to date has been on restructuring in terms of the large firm. In light of the relative importance of the small...

Across Europe, restructuring in SMEs receives less public attention than large-scale restructuring. However, the recent economic crisis has sharpened policy focus in this area. The current discussion centres around the anticipation of change and individual forms of restructuring – particularly...