suggests that consumers may benefit most from legal unbundling with strong regulation and parts of ownership given to a … several downstream firms. Under legal unbundling the bottleneck must be operated by a legally independent upstream firm, which … firm can perform non-tariff discrimination. Under perfect legal unbundling the upstream firm maximizes only own profits …

on existing literature, we argue that ex ante regulation could represent a danger for the long-term development of the … infrastructures. We also argue that ex ante regulation is distorting investment itself: incremental investment is privileged as … opposed to radical investment. In this context, we identify three possible options for regulation in the near future: 1 …

-reducing, EU law requires unbundling (separation) of the VIU networks. However, the EU allows its member states the choice between … incomplete (legal) and complete (ownership) unbundling. There is tantalizing anecdotal evidence that VIUs have tried to influence … are perceived as more corrupt are indeed more likely to apply weaker forms of unbundling. Somewhat surprisingly, we do not …

are not simply a more efficient way of doing the same thing as regulation. Rather, they involve considerable innovation …

Regulation plays a key part in public service reforms. However, corruption and the risk of capture may undermine the …