The purpose of this paper is to clarify the theory of international economic sanctions and to provide estimates of the short-run economic impact on South Africa of externally imposed reductions of the imports and capital flows into that country. A macroeconomic picture of South Africa's...

In the early 1970s, Emile Benoit shocked development economists by presenting positive cross-country correlations between military expenditure rates and economic growth rates in less developed countries (LDCs). This article reviews the long debate that has followed. While the studies surveyed...

The purpose of this review is to consolidate the analytical basis and reduce the technical complexity of the growing literature on congestion. Money and time costs are kept distinct, and the basic positive and normative implications of congestion are derived geometrically. On the assumptions...

Jakarta's main streets are landscaped, manicured, and modern. Off these streets, however, the environment is that of an overgrown village. Compared to other Asian cities, Jakarta's drinking water, sewerage treatment, solid waste disposal, and general environment are seriously deficient. This...