Using the Markowitz mean–variance portfolio optimization theory, researchers have shown that the traditional estimated return greatly overestimates the theoretical optimal return, especially when the dimension to sample size ratio p/n is large. Bai et al. (2009) propose a bootstrap-corrected...

The technique of ANOVA has been widely used in economics and finance where the observations are usually time-dependent but the model itself is treated as independent in time. In this paper, we extend an ANOVA model by relaxing the assumption of independence in time. We further relax the...