The 1997 Human Rights Tribunal decision on "systemic" racial discrimination at Health Canada, specifically addressing "glass-ceiling" barriers to the promotion of visible minorities to senior management, provides an effective illustration of the subtle and elusive nature of this form of...

Canadian experience with pay equity began in 1976 to redress the pay inequities due to gender-based occupational segregation and the underpayment of women's work. Over time, a greater understanding of systemic discrimination has resulted in changes in thinking and approaches to best redress the...

The European social-welfare model differs from the North American individualistic model in the patterns, more than the overall extent, of ethnic inclusion and exclusion. Focussing on foreigners in Germany and immigrants in Canada as illustrative cases, conventional earnings decomposition...