This paper presents a signaling explanation for unemployment. The basic idea is that employment at an unskilled job may be regarded as a bad signal. Therefore, good workers who are more likely to qualify for employment at a skilled job in the future are better off being unemployed than accepting...

The Polish government is considering methods of the privatizing and possible restructuring of the Polish National Railway, PKP, that would improve the efficiency of the railroad while creating some form of competition in order to prevent monopoly pricing. Traditional intramodal competition is...

Not all industries in post-socialist countries are appropriate targets for demonopolization and deregulation: as in the West, some "natural monopoly" sectors will require continued regulation to protect consumers from monopoly abuses. This paper focuses on three aspects of the design of...