Space debris, an externality generated by expended launch vehicles and damaged satellites, reduces the expected value of space activities by increasing the probability of damaging existing satellites or other space vehicles. Unlike terrestrial pollution, debris created in the production process...

This article investigates the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and pollution measured by carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The results suggest that while lax environmental regulations might attract FDI, the foreign companies utilize less polluting technology as compared to...