Local Government Authorities (LGA) in England and Wales have statutory responsibility for the maintenance of Public Rights of Way (PROW), such as pathways and byways open to non-motorised traffic. The departments responsible have to compete for budgets and justify their expenditure in terms of...

The standard economic model of bilateral precaution postulates that the care that is taken by injurers and victims affects only expected accident loss. This paper considers situations in which each party’s precaution also directly affects the other party’s cost of taking precaution. When...

The standard economic model of bilateral precaution postulates an interdependency between the care taken by injurers and victims that operates through the effects of each on the expected accident loss. This paper considers situations in which each party's precaution affects not only expected...

In many river floodplains in the UK there has been a long history of flood defence, land reclamation and water regime management for farming. In recent years, changing policies with respect to farming, environment and flood management is encouraging a re-appraisal of land use in rural areas. In...

In late 2010, Congress passed the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), the most comprehensive reforms to Federal food safety laws since 1938. The farm-to-fork, preventive approach embodied in the Act reflects an established scientific/managerial consensus on how to improve food safety systems....

Recent decades have witnessed substantial losses of biodiversity in Europe, partly driven by the ecological changes associated with intensification of agricultural production. These changes have particularly affected avian (bird) diversity in marginal areas such as the uplands of the UK. We...