In response to the 1975 Congressional call for a national market system to provide a transparent link across individual markets that trade NYSE-listed stocks, the SEC caused the implementation of three electronic systems that provide a partial integration of these markets. This partial...

The vigor of an economy has frequently been linked to the level of new investment. Compared to most other developed countries, the level of new investment in the UK has been relatively low and the performance of the economy on various dimensions has also been relatively poor. One possible reason...

This paper examines the return characteristics of low-grade bonds using dealer bid prices. The volatility of an index of these bonds is less than the volatility of indexes of higher-grade bonds such as long-term Treasury bonds. This reduced volatility is due in large part to the shorter duration...