We introduce the concept of a triad census of a digraph arid show how it can be used to enumerate various types of subgraph configurations. We give the basic probabilities needed for computing means and variances for a triad census under the U-MAN distribution for digraphs. These concepts are...

A description of a system of subroutines to compute solutions to the iteratively reweighted least squares problem is presented. The weights are determined from the data and linear fit and are computed as functions of the scaled residuals. Iteratively reweighted least squares is a part of robust...

We give some Monte Carlo results on the performance of two robust alternatives to least squares regression estimation - least absolute residuals and the one-step "sine" estimator. We show how to scale the residuals for the sine estimator to achieve constant efficiency at the Gaussian across...

This paper gives the formulas for and derivation of ridge regression methods when there are weights associated with each observation. A Bayesian motivation is used and various choices of k are discussed. A suggestion is made as to how to combine ridge regression with robust regression methods.

The problem of drawing causal inferences from retrospective case-control studies is considered. A model for causal inference in prospective studies is reviewed and then applied to retrospective studies. The limitations of case-control studies are formulated in terms of the level of causally...

A general or omnibus test of structure in social network data is proposed. The test exploits all of the information contained in the triad census. Analogous to the classical F-test for contrasts among means, the proposed test involves finding a weighting vector which maximizes a test statistic,...

Bayesian estimation of the cell probabilities for the multinomial distribution (under a symmetric Dirichlet prior) leads to the use of a flattening constant [alpha] to smooth the raw cell proportions. The unsmoothed estimator corresponds to [alpha] = 0. The risk functions (under quadratic loss)...

This article examines and quantifies the relationship between local amenities and prices in an equilibrium model, demonstrating the role of non-traded goods and federal taxes. I derive formulae using factor shares to infer local land rents, productivity, and the total value of amenities from...

We estimate peer effects for fourth graders in six European countries. The identification relies on variation across classes within schools. We argue that classes within primary schools are formed roughly randomly with respect to family background. Similar to previous studies, we find sizeable...

This paper argues that taxation of retained profits is particularly distortionary in an economy with good growth prospects and poorly developed financial markets because it primarily reduces the investment of financially constrained firms, investment that has marginal product greater than the...