A life-cycle inventory (LCI) of steel based on exergy values is presented. Exergy accounting of energy and materials flows for distinct steel production processes — conventional integrated, semi-integrated and new integrated with smelt reduction — is used to calculate and compare exergy...

After the introduction of flexfuel vehicles in Brazil, hydrated ethanol and gasohol (gasoline blended with anhydrous ethanol at an average volumetric proportion of 75:25) became basically perfect substitutes. This paper tests the hypothesis that hydrated ethanol prices follow the price of...

Some Latin American policy-makers and analysts state that it would be better to hold oil reserves in place than to produce and cash it now, given the recent oil prices spikes and the fear related to future oil supply disruptions. This article evaluates the strategy of delaying the start-up of...

This article analyzes the taxation of the liquid fuels used in light duty vehicles in Brazil (gasoline blended with anhydrous ethanol, known as gasohol, and hydrated ethanol). Ethanol’s success in Brazil is largely explained by government incentives to producers and consumers. This has created...