The Kyoto Protocol defines two project-based flexibility mechanisms: joint implementation (JI) and the cleandevelopment mechanism (CDM). The main methodological problem associated with both these mechanisms isthe choice of an appropriate baseline: since the baseline is, by definition,...

This short paper considers all possible stakeholders in different stages of a sustainability transition and matches their behavioral features and diversity to policies. This will involve an assessment of potential or expected responses of stakeholders to a range of policy instruments. Following...

This timely and important Handbook takes stock of progress made in our understanding of what sustainable development actually is and how it can be achieved. Twenty years on from the publication of the seminal Brundtland Report, it has become clear that formidable challenges confront policy...

The most critical task facing humanity today is the creation of a shared vision of a sustainable and desirable society, one that can provide permanent prosperity within the biophysical constraints of the real world in a way that is fair and equitable to all of humanity, to other species, and to...

Exergy analysis has been applied to the life cycle of steel. Our model yields the estimate that the U.K. steel sector consumed 22GJ of exergy per tonne of steel delivered to product manufacture in 1994. The analysis shows that process improvement and increased recycling within the life cycle...

There are currently two main drivers for the consideration of ground source energy systems in the built environment in the UK. Firstly, building occupiers and owners are becoming increasingly concerned at rising energy prices whilst building designers are also required to reduce, due to European...

This milestone provides a broad overview of model development under Work Package 205 of the WWWforEurope project. It describes briefly the challenge of modelling combined economic, ecological and financial systems and sets out a series of objectives for modelling the socio-economic transition...