The notion of diversity is an issue that is of relevance in several contexts. This paper provides an axiomatic approach to the measurement of diversity. We characterize two nested classes of ordinal measures of diversity and an important member of these classes.

In this paper we axiomatically characterize two recursive procedures for defining a social group.The first procedure starts with the set of all individuals who define themselves as members of the social group, while the starting point of the second procedure is the set of all individuals who are...

A number of authors have proposed theories of efficiency wages to explain the behaviour of aggregate labor markets. According to these theories, firms do not adjust wages downwards despite available unemployed job seekers, because lower wages would induce hired workers to shirk more often, which...

This paper presents the numerical results of the comparative and sensitive analysis for different parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) systems under different operating conditions, expecting to optimize the PTC system of better comprehensive characteristics and optical performance or to...

A new aerodynamic model, PANROM, of horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), which couples 3D Panel Method and Reduced Order Model (ROM) based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), is presented in this paper. By integrating the characters of the two different numerical methods, the PANROM model...

The aim of this study is to determine whether dam reoperation (the adjustment of reservoir operating rules) is an effective adaptation strategy to reduce the potential impacts of climate change and regional socio-economic developments. The Xinanjiang-Fuchunjiang reservoir cascade, located in...

A conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) based inexact two-stage stochastic programming (CITSP) model was developed in this study for supporting water resources allocation problems under uncertainty. A CITSP model was formulated through incorporating a CVaR constraint into an inexact two-stage...

This paper deals with convergence and stability of exponential Runge–Kutta methods of collocation type for delay differential equations. It is proved that these kinds of numerical methods converge at least with their stage order. Moreover, a sufficient condition of the numerical stability is...

Stability properties of Runge–Kutta methods for the linear neutral delay-integro-differential-algebraic system are considered. It is proved that every A-stable natural Runge–Kutta method preserves the delay-independent stability of the exact solution. Some numerical experiments are given.