Many subjects in early phase clinical trials expect to benefit in some way from the research intervention. It is understandable that people hope for improvement in their condition, no matter what the evidence. Yet unreasonable expectation of medical benefit may reflect problems with informed...

It is widely held that improved industry-university (I- U) cooperation can contribute to technological innovation and productivity in the United States. Although various federal programs have attempted to stimulate cooperation between these two sectors, most have escaped serious evaluative...