The trade restrictiveness index is the uniform trade tax factor which is equivalent in trade restrictiveness to the actual structure of domestic taxes subsidies. Its application to Mexican agricultural policy from 1985 to 1990 reveals an increase in restrictiveness. To return to the trade...

This paper examines how emerging bond markets react to macroeconomic announcements. Global bond spreads respond to rating actions and changes in global interest rates rather than domestic data and policy announcements. All announcements affect market volatility. Data and policy announcements...

Empirical studies suggest that trade reform has a positive effect on employment and income for the poor; however, there are winners and losers. If the transitional costs of trade liberalization fall disproportionately on the poor, trade reform can be designed to mitigate these effects. This...

This paper reviews the economics of trade policy in financial services, highlighting differences between trade across borders and through commercial presence. Trade liberalization could complement other financial reforms by enhancing the efficiency, quality, and variety of financial services and...

This study focuses on equity, private debt, and asset-backed securities markets in Central America. These markets are generally under-developed throughout the region due to several structural problems, economic and political factors, and weaknesses in regulation and in institutional investor...

This paper presents an alternative method for calculating debt targets using the debt intolerance literature of Reinhart, Rogoff, and Savastano (2003) and Reinhart and Rogoff (2009). The methodology presented improves on the previous papers by using a dynamic panel approach, correcting for...

The author investigates market power and the distribution of rents in the market for Mexico's exports of apparel tothe United States under the Multi - Fibre Arrangement (MFA). Conventional wisdom holds that voluntary restraints, such as those under the MFA, are superior to other kinds of trade...