Formalization has long been regarded as one of the most distinctive features of the public sector. Personnel systems in the public sector are particularly formalized due to merit system protections and strong due process requirements. In much of the contemporary public management literature,...

Contemporary public and nonprofit management research has disproportionally emphasized the importance of intrinsic motivation (especially service motivation) but has given comparatively little attention to non-intrinsic motivation. According to self-determination theory (SDT), non-intrinsic...

<title>Abstract</title> Conventional wisdom of ‘sector matters’ suggests that those working in the government are more risk averse than those employed by business enterprises. However, whether public sector workers tend to be more risk averse than non-profit sector workers is unknown. Our paper examines...