The pharmaceutical industry is unique because of a close connection between knowledge and final product. As the quintessential science-based industry, pharmaceuticals depend heavily on high level manpower and substantial R&D for innovation. Because these requirements are costly, the industry is...

The structural and magnetic properties of <InlineEquation ID="Equ4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\gamma$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanoparticles dispersed on silica spheres prepared by sol-gel method were investigated. The properties of <InlineEquation ID="Equ5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\gamma$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanoparticles without silica were compared with those on silica spheres. Both the nanoparticle assemblages were...</subscript></subscript></equationsource></inlineequation></subscript></subscript></equationsource></inlineequation>

Whether a liberalizing developing economy should implement the entire WTO-prescribed package, and to what extent this is expedient, are two important questions, especially because the available empirical evidence suggests that developing countries have been facing substantial adjustment costs in...

The paper provides a theory of interest rates determination in the informal credit market in backward agriculture highlighting the interactions between two informal sector lenders (a professional moneylender and a trader-interlocker) and explains the prevalence of different interest rates in the...

In this paper, a model of interaction of formal and informal credit markets has been developed where the bank official (the ultimate provider of formal credit) faces a lending constraint. The bank official takes a bribe from the borrowers to disburse formal credit and he deliberately debars some...

This paper builds a model of fragmented duopsony in backward agriculture following Basu and Bell (1991) in which the purchasers (traders) have captive markets each but compete in a contested market. We focus on the formation of captive markets through trader-farmer interlinkage in the form of...

The paper provides a theory of interest rates determination in the informal credit market in backward agriculture highlighting the interactions between two informal sector lenders (a professional moneylender and a trader-interlocker) and explains the prevalence of different interest rates in the...