The authors hypothesize that the effectiveness of external threats in raising workers' effort is mediated by, among other labor market conditions, the presence or absence of a powerful union. In particular, they argue that because powerful unions reduce the potency of the external threat of job...

The authors hypothesize that the effectiveness of external threats in raising workers' effort is mediated by, among other labor market conditions, the presence or absence of a powerful union. In particular, they argue that because powerful unions reduce the potency of the external threat of job...

Two theories of over-qualification are considered, namely mismatch, whereby workers do not find the most appropriate jobs for their skills, because of imperfect information or labour market rigidities, and 'heterogeneous workers', whereby individuals with the same qualifications have different...

This paper assesses how far the products of education are utilized in the British labour market, and how utilization has recently changed. We distinguish the concepts of "under-education", "over-education" and "qualification inflation". Using data from four surveys we find that over-education,...

The issue of worker satisfaction is important both for the sake of individuals themselves and also for employers for whom happy staff should be productive staff. Highly satisfied staff have been shown to have lower propensities to quit and to be absent. Whilst there have been some interesting...

Using data from the European Labour Force Survey, the characteristics of individuals who receive vocational training is compared in six European countries; Germany, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UK. As well as the incidence of training, the intensity is also considered. In...