A freeze-out bond exchange offer can occur when a firm wants to replace an exist- ing bond, issued with a covenant, with a new bond that does not have this type of restriction. If the bondholders are not fully coordinated, the shareholders can make the exchange offer unfair to capture wealth...

This study examines the use and determinants of covenants in public debt issued by Russian companies. On the basis of issue characteristics, firm characteristics and systemic risk variables, we investigate that the likelihood of including covenants clause in financial contracts is positively...

Covenants are particular clauses in the debt contracts of firms that restrict business policy, giving creditors the possibility of putting precise actions into force (normally early repayment) when the covenants are violated. The main purpose of covenants given in the literature is to resolve...

This paper aims to investigate the determinants of collateral requirements for loans that are extended to small and medium-sized enterprises in less-developed countries. Our primary data source consists of the results from firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia from the Business Environment...

La metodologia del Value at Risk è diventata lo standard de-facto per la misurazione del rischio di mercato nel sistema bancario internazionale. In questo lavoro si è analizzato tale metodo sotto diverse prospettive: la procedura di calcolo, lo sviluppo della normativa e degli utilizzi...

La gestione del rischio nelle imprese non finanziarie è un argomento oggetto di numerose ricerche empiriche e approfondimenti teorici. Questo lavoro intende analizzare le pratiche di risk management delle imprese italiane, applicando una matrice di classificazione che tiene dell'evoluzione...

In questo lavoro si presenta una rassegna dei principali contributi che riguardano il rischio sistemico apparsi in letteratura negli ultimi vent'anni, periodo nel quale si è assistito ad una fiorente attività causa anche il manifestarsi di varie crisi economiche e finanziarie. Lo scopo...

Covenants are particular clauses in firms' debt contracts that restrict business policy, giving creditors the possibility to put specific action into force when the covenants are violated. Three main reasons are accounted for in the literature: (1) covenants resolve the conflicts of interest...

In Italy the use of bond covenants is restrained by the predominance of SMEs, the significant role of relationship banking, the high costs related to public placements, the lack of investors‘ financial culture, the low amount of loans normally requested by each firm and the lack of liquidity...