In this paper, we assume that the log return of the underlying asset follows a semi-Markov process, then from the knowledge of the kernel we derive an explicit expression for the value of the option and for the bare risk in the case of the European call (put) option and, by means of a recursive...

This paper presents a duration dependent model for analyzing the evolution of credit ratings. It considers the backward recurrence process to tackle the time of permanence problem in the rating classes. In this way it is possible to manage the duration effects, which represent one of the most...

In this paper, we present a model to describe the evolution of the yield spread by considering the rating evaluation as the determinant of credit spreads. The underlying rating migration process is assumed to be a non-homogeneous discrete time semi-Markov process. We calculate the total sum of...

A new algorithm for classifying the states of a homogeneous Markov chain having finitely many states is presented, which enables the investigation of the asymptotic behavior of semi-Markov processes in which the Markov chain is embedded. An application of the algorithm to a social security...

To respond to financial compound risk of farmers, two multiplicative derivative contracts, called respectively revenue futures contract and revenue put option, are proposed. The paper presents the theoretical management strategy of such a contract under the constraint that price and crop yield...