Universities are a well-known source of innovation that provides educated human resources, a scientific infrastructure, and their own research and development (R&D) capacity. In this way, they supply considerable and varied input to the economic environment. Yet the impacts of economic crises on...

Since the 1980s, the economic and political conjuncture of the world has changed to a great extent leading to profound transformations in cities and metropolitan areas. Economic restructuring, globalization process, and re-organization of central-local government relations are the basic factors...