How to achieve the innovation is becoming more urgent for the firms, in general, process innovation and product innovation are two primary types of innovation which firms adopt. This paper aims to describe a mechanism on the choice between cost reduction and quality improvement in a duopoly. In...

In the era of knowledge economy, critical knowledge and technologies are key to enterprise competition. Huawei and ZTE are well known as top Chinese communication equipment suppliers. Both have paid great attention to intellectual property protection, and have applied a great amount of patents...

Drought is one of the major natural disasters in the Loess Plateau of China. We aimed to reveal drought occurrence regularity, relations between different magnitudes of drought and precipitation intensity changes. Based on Chinese climate divisions and digital elevation model graphs of the Loess...

This paper studies both the average sample-path reward (ASPR) criterion and the limiting average variance criterion for denumerable discrete-time Markov decision processes. The rewards may have neither upper nor lower bounds. We give sufficient conditions on the system’s primitive data and...

This paper studies both the average sample-path reward (ASPR) criterion and the limiting average variance criterion for denumerable discrete-time Markov decision processes. The rewards may have neither upper nor lower bounds. We give sufficient conditions on the system’s primitive data and...