The innovation policy of the German government and Länder provides small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with a wide range of programs to promote their research and development (R&D) and focuses, in particular, on the transfer of knowledge. In recent years, the programs have been...

The innovation policy of the German government and Länder provides small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with a wide range of programs to promote their R & D and focuses, in particular, on the transfer of knowledge. In recent years, the programs have been streamlined and funding...

Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are unable to finance research and development (R & D) using only their internal resources. However, they have limited access to external financing loans for high-risk R & D projects. Therefore, funding programs initiated by the German government,...

We analyze the role of public support in the financing pattern of R&D in German SMEs and their assessment of financing conditions in the context of other framework conditions for innovation. In Germany, there is a diversity of overall well-funded technology-neutral and technology-specific...

Industrial research in East Germany mostly takes place in small and medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and non-profit external industrial research institutions, whereas in West Germany industrial research mainly takes place in large companies. The German Federal government, along with Länder...

Die Industrieforschung findet in Ostdeutschland überwiegend in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) und gemeinnützigen externen Industrieforschungseinrichtungen statt, während sie in Westdeutschland vor allem von Großunternehmen betrieben wird. Bund und Länder unterstützen die...

Over the past few years, spin-off companies from research institutions have developed into a significant economic and innovation policy phenomenon. Along with licenses, patents, cooperative and consulting activities, academic spin-offs are considered to be an important mechanism for knowledge...

The literature argues that research spin-offs (RSOs)—enterprises originating from a university or research institute—appear to have higher innovative potential and capabilities than other start-ups, at least in the early stages of their development. Yet, little is known about the innovative...

Trade theory and economic geography suggest that the removal of trade barriers is likely to bring about more economic specialisation and potentially more diverse development paths between countries and regions. Thus, the deepening and extending European integration should be accompanied by an...