This research tries to find the degree of misalignment of VND by estimating short run and long run equilibrium effective real effective exchange rate (EREER) of VND. By using Engle-Granger (1987) two-step cointegration approach, we identify that trade openness, government expenditure, domestic...

This study shows the short and long-run impact of exchange rate on trade balance in Vietnam. Following a depreciation of real exchange rate, trade balance initially deteriorates. Trade balance will improve after four quarters and new equilibrium will be set after twelve quarters. Autoregressive...

The primary objective of this paper is to review the appropriate use of ratio variables in the study of pedestrian injury exposure. We provide a discussion that rejects the assumption that the relationship between a random variable (e.g., a population X) and a ratio (e.g., injury or disease per...

The primary objective of this paper is to review the appropriate use of ratio variables in the study of pedestrian injury exposure. We provide a discussion that rejects the assumption that the relationship between a random variable (e.g., a population X) and a ratio (e.g., injury or disease per...