Increasingly demanding markets, changes in technology and greater international competition have made the effective management of product R&D together with its associated costs essential. The magnitude of R&D costs are of concern to many companies, potentially inhibiting organizations from...

Mounting evidence indicates that capital markets often apply short-term pressure on firms to gain short-term results by focusing primarily on reported financial performance. As a result of short termism, it has been argued that companies are likely to cut expenditure on R&D which might otherwise...

Innovation is frequently argued to be critical to organizational performance in an increasingly competitive international marketplace. The literature suggests that one factor influencing a firm's competitive position is the degree to which subordinates are innovative. Subordinate managers...