We use data from the US airline industry to estimate a model of entry deterrence. We model the interaction among airlines as a repeated static game, where we allow for a very general form of heterogeneity. We consider a menu of three alternative games that describe the strategic interaction...

Contrary to the U.S. evidence, we show that Canadian multinational corporations (MNCs) display higher leverage than domestic firms (DCs). This higher leverage is due to lower agency costs of debt associated with MNCs' U.S. operations. We also find that the Canadian firms with international bond...

We examine the impact of bond market access (measured by having a credit rating) on leverage for Canadian high credit quality (HQ) and low credit quality (LQ) firms, and find that the leverage impact is more pronounced for LQ firms. The results are similar for U.S. firms. Our results are...

Rock salt in China is primarily bedded salt, usually composed of many thin salt layers and interlayers (e.g. anhydrite, mudstone, and glauberite). Thus, the feasibility analysis of abandoned salt caverns located in salt beds to be used as Underground Gas Storage (UGS) facilities is full of...

Herein, we showed a different approach to directly single-molecule level visualization of the degradation of DNA in vitro tests using DNase I incubation based on high-resolution AFM imaging ex situ with fine relocation nanotechnology. A method of nanomanipulation termed as "modified dynamic...

Patterning materials on hydrophobic polymer substrates have extensive applications in fabricating flexible devices at low cost, while the low transfer efficiency encumbers its advance. This paper provides a facile route to transfer materials onto hydrophobic polymer substrates with high...

Sample preparation is an important procedure for atomic force microscope (AFM) studies. However, flexible virus particles have a tendency to aggregate together and are easily compressed during sample preparation or by AFM tip that subsequently hamper studying of virus by AFM. Herein, low...

Buffer is often involved in the biological studies on a surface with the scanning probe microscopy and the remnant of the salts of buffer may affect the correct interpretation of the experimental results. However, the knowledge on the performance of chemicals of buffer on a substrate is still...