The aim of this study is to present the characteristic of present-day migrants and the potential for possible migration after the opening of the labour markets in Austria and Germany. The econometric analysis shows that differences in unemployment rates between sending and receiving countries...

According to the Polish Central Statistical Office estimates, after the year 2004, in which Poland joined the EU, more than 1 million Polish citizens moved to other EU countries. The recent economic crisis that influenced Poland asymmetrically as compared to the main migrant destination...

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the individual and macroeconomic determinants of reservation wages with a particular focus on the influence of unemployment duration. Data from the Estonian Labour Force Survey 2011–2013 and instrumental variable regression analysis are used for...

Flexibility of employment protection is considered to be essential for rapid adjustments in the workforce to changing economic conditions and for the reallocation of labour towards more productive activities. This was one of the main arguments for the new Employment Contracts Act in Estonia,...

This article examines how the trade balance (or net exports) changed during the crisis. In the early-to-mid-2000s, Hungary ran a trade deficit as external indebtedness grew. Since the crisis, balance sheet adjustments by economic agents have substantially reduced imports for consumption and...

Before the recent economic crisis, part-time employment was very low in Hungary. During the crisis, however, the most rapid increase in the number of part-time employees within the European Union was observed in Hungary. Part-time employment increased in a number of European Union countries for...

In this paper, I examine the exchange rate exposure of Hungarian enterprises from a financial stability perspective. In connection with the recent growth in FX loans to enterprises, the central bank assesses the vulnerability of the banks’ loan portfolio to changes in the exchange rate. To...

Household consumption constitutes two thirds of GDP in Hungary. Accordingly, in addition to influencing expected economic growth, consumption plays a prominent role in shaping pricing behaviour. Consequently, understanding and forecasting the consumption processes as precisely as possible can be...

During the past year, a survey was conducted among Hungarian small and medium enterprises. The results of the survey suggest that a significant ratio of companies is directly exposed to fluctuations in the exchange rate, which may affect their profitability to a large degree. The majority of...

We study firms from 14 Western European countries to detect the influence of a vanishing risk premium due to exchange rate risk on equity and debt issues. According to our hypothesis, Eurozone firms in industries with relatively higher external finance dependence (EFD) issue more equity and debt...