This article considers the price history of CO2 allowances in the EU Emission Trading Scheme. Since European Emissions Trading started in 2005, the prices of allowances have varied between less than one and thirty Euro per ton of CO2. This previously unpredicted volatility and, more notably, a...

In this paper, we propose a framework to estimate the yield curve in the illiquid market. Within this framework, seven different curve-fitting models are compared from four aspects with the trading data of government bonds listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) of China. We find that the...

The conversion of industrial paper sludge to ethanol was simulated using engineering process simulation software loaded with laboratory generated conversion data and financially analyzed. In one scenario, sludge is fractionated to remove ash, generating a higher concentration carbohydrate stream...

management and derivatives play in risk management.