This article examines the effects of different government expenditures for R&D on private R&D spending and on private sector productivity. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that $1.00 of government contract R&D performed in industry induced about $.27 of private R&D expenditure. Weak...

The need for progress in measuring social change is evident. Without measurement it is improbable that desirable goals can be reached. Yet, in contrast to a few exceptionally advanced fields, most areas of social concern and public policy suffer from lack of even the most elementary information,...