This paper looks at the response of growers and merchants, first to vine disease and high prices, and then to the problems of overproduction and product adulteration. France produced a large range of wines, but by the early twentieth century most commodity chains were failing to provide accurate...

The US commodity export programme (CEP) provides subsidized credit to the importer (rather than subs1d1zed commodity prices) to alleviate foreign exchange and income problems on the part of the importer. In the case of Colombia, credit subs1d1es were such that the total cost of financed imports...

The traditional view that sharecropping was a cause of low productivity in European agriculture prior to the Second World War has been challenged by economic historians, and today the contact is often considered as efficient at reducing the monitoring costs associated with labour and allocation...