Abstract After a decade or more during which private codes to monitor supply chain and workplace standards have proliferated, recent years have seen the re-emergence of state-based initiatives to create more oversight and accountability across global value chains. In January 2012, the California...

We reformulate a stochastic nonlinear complementarity problem as a stochastic programming problem which minimizes an expected residual defined by a restricted NCP function with nonnegative constraints and CVaR constraints which guarantee the stochastic nonlinear function being nonnegative with a...

China has undergone substantial industrial restructuring since the economic transition. The triple process of marketisation, globalisation and decentralisation has had a significant influence on the changes in industrial structures in Chinese provinces. Using provincial-industrial level data for...