This paper explores the economic policy of the Ottoman Empire during the Abdul Hamid II's reign and the Young Turks period focusing on the fiscal crisis which exposed the Empire to an increasing financial dependence on European capital markets, leading to bankruptcy in 1876 and to the subsequent...

The paper examines the role of the informal rural credit markets in the palestinian agricultural development at the end of the Ottoman Empire. The analysis starts from the long term effects of the legal reforms, particularly the Ottoman Land Code, on the performance of these markets. Such...