Congestion is an important issue that requires the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs). We first classify conventional congestion into congestion (newly defined) and technical inefficiency, based on prior research and real applications. Modified definitions and mathematical expression of...

Vendor managed inventory (VMI) is a supply-chain initiative in which the vendor is authorized to manage inventories of agreed upon stock-keeping-units at retail locations. In this paper, a modified joint inventory policy is introduced for VMI systems where the vendor takes a standard (s, S)...

Shared flow has been widely used in production scenarios where inputs and outputs are shared among various activities. In DEA literature, shared flow represents situations that DMUs are divided into different components that require common resources or produce goods or services obtained through...

Earlier studies have documented that three types of autocorrelations exist in financial time series: sign, volatility, and return autocorrelation. In this paper, we examine how each type of the above autocorrelations affects the statistical properties of financial time series and its role in...