The interaction between political initiatives and autonomous economic forces in Europe has developed through three phases since the Second World War. The first may be characterised as high growth and the creation of common institutions; the second, stagnation; and the third, the creation of the...

European integration is going through difficult times. Poor economic performance and the growing feeling of insecurity among many Europeans play a major role. So does the weakening of the old political consensus. More clarity and realism about what Europe can deliver would help enormously: the...