Pervasiveness of information systems is well underway, redefining our social and economic relationships. This technological revolution has generated enormous capabilities, but also enabled the creation of new vulnerabilities and threats. A major challenge in the field of information systems is...

Increasing utilization of expert systems in organizations has ecessitated development of large‐scale expert systems that deal with complex problem domains requiring handling of large knowledge bases. Adapts the concepts and structures of open information systems to outline a conceptual...