We examine force-the-vote (FTV) provisions in M&A transactions from 2003-2016 and test competing agency and efficient contracting explanations for their usage. Target FTV provisions are observed more frequently when bidding is costly, and are associated with higher target returns, lower...

We examine the impact of target management involvement as bidders in a sample of completed going-private buyouts. Announcement period and long run target shareholder returns do not appear to be lower in management involved deals. We attempt to identify disciplining mechanisms in the takeover...