Biofuels production has experienced rapid growth worldwide as one of several strategies to promote green energy economies. Indeed, climate change mitigation and energy security have been frequent rationales behind biofuel policies, but biofuels production could generate negative impacts, such as...

This study introduces the dynamic Gerber model (DGC) and evaluates its performance in the prediction of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) compared to alternative parametric, non-parametric and semi-parametric methods for estimating the covariance matrix of returns. Based on ES...

The role of futures markets in stabilizing spot prices has been extensively discussed. Nevertheless, the ability of these markets to achieve the stabilizing function significantly depends on whether they are "efficient" in the sense that futures prices "fully reflect" the available information....