This article offers an unsponsored examination of current disputes whether national regulatory authorities ("NRAs") should permit broadband carriers and content providers, such as Facebook, to subsidize broadband access to a limited, "walled garden" of content. The subsidy makes it possible for...

This paper will provide a straightforward explanation of what constitutes network neutrality and why a debate has arisen about whether governments need to establish rules mandating nondiscrimination. The paper will identify what types of price and quality of service discrimination represent...

Alternative telecommunications operators have continuously invested in their own infrastructure in recent years. After more than a decade since liberalization, competitive conditions have substantially changed, especially in urban areas. European regulatory authorities have acknowledged this...

Vertical separation of upstream network operations from downstream retail activities, as the most extreme form of access regulation, has long been considered a legitimate regulatory remedy against use of market power in upstream infrastructure markets to engage in price- and non-price...