Incoterms 2010, issued by the International Chamber of Commerce and effective from 1 January 2011, is a set of rules for the delivery of product between sellers and buyers that is routinely incorporated into international contracts of sale. Incoterms 2010, outline, on a mutually exclusive basis,...

This paper considers the changes between the Incoterms 2000 and the Incoterms 2010 from a risk management perspective, and highlights the challenges that traders may encounter when dealing with some of these terms. For example, the problematic FOB term and its use in containerisation is not...

One of the fundamental considerations for exporters in international trade transactions is the aspect of payment. In the context of financial risk management, Letters of Credit enable the exporter to substitute the credit risk of the buyer with that of his bank. The Letter of Credit is a...

This paper considers the changes between the Incoterms 2000 and the Incoterms 2010 from a risk management perspective, and highlights the challenges that traders may encounter when dealing with some of these terms. For example, the problematic FOB term and its use in containerisation is not...