Results from previous studies of campaign spending imply that equal-sized grants to both incumbents and challengers are a net benefit to challengers, who on average spend less money and derive greater marginal returns from each additional dollar. This study provides an experimental test of this...

UPDATE: Please see updated paper for a description of a differential attrition problem that will require changes to the analysis and further experimentation.Although partisan orientations are sometimes characterized as the unmoved movers of political evaluations and vote choice, both panel...

Although digital advertising is a rapidly growing form of political communication, the effectiveness of digital ad campaigns remains largely unknown. We present results from a randomized experiment in which online campaign ads targeted randomly selected small cities in the context of a Texas...