Least developed countries rely on preferential market access. Proof of sufficient transformation has to be provided to customs in importing countries by meeting Rules of Origin requirements to benefit from these preferences. These Rules of Origin have turned out to be complicated and burdensome...

Africa has contributed little to Climate Change (CC), though being hardest hit, especially African agriculture, both in the short-run (fast-onset events like droughts and floods) and in the long-run through lower productivity in agriculture (slow-onset events from warming). The paper starts with...

All WTO members participate in the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), a rules-based bottom-up approach built on monitorable provisions (e.g. the publication of information, advance rulings, appeal or review of decisions, transparency, and border agency cooperation) aimed at reducing time in...