Purpose – This paper investigates competitive bank behaviour in Africa for the period 1999–2008 and further examines the impact of institutional quality and political atmosphere on competitive bank behaviour. Design/methodology/approach – This study used panel data methodology based on the...

This study examines how employee friendliness influences performance volatility in banks. We differentiate inherent and residual volatility. Using 32 public banks in four emerging African economies from 2005 to 2021, we find that employee friendliness practices are positively associated with...