In the late 1980s, many countries in Africa established national stock exchanges with a view to foster financial development and economic growth. This paper provides a survey and synthesis of the extant literature on the efficiency of African equity markets (AEMs). It explores the path of...

Bitcoin has been reported by empirical studies as mostly isolated or uncorrelated with conventional financial assets, thereby expounding its safe haven potentials in both normal and crisis periods. However, instead of the assumptions, the COVID-19 outbreak presents a maiden real global market...

The bear markets associated with the ongoing COVID-19 crisis present a test case to examine the traditionally expounded safe haven capabilities of gold and other precious metals, as well as the growing claims that bitcoin is the new “virtual gold” of our time. New evidence from our paper...