The optimal formation of regions changes over time, which prompts the question: how can regions survive by expanding their unique competitive advantages? One of two key factors cited in response to this question is competitive economic forces related to economic infrastructure elements. The...

The evaluation of economic development level is commonly measured by the growth rate of GDP. However, this single-dimensional measurement may cause potential issue to investigate sustainable economic development and growth model. An alternative framework is introduced to economic development...

In population declining countries, public services in rural areas face potential problematic issues on the long-run sustainability, which are namely brought by insufficient economies of scale. Since these services play important roles as social infrastructure elements, a disappearance from the...