The increasing policy interests and the vivid academic debate on non-tariff measures (NTMs) has stimulated a growing literature on how NTMs affect agri-food trade. The empirical literature provides contrasting and heterogeneous evidence, with some studies supporting the ‘standards as...

We replicate the findings of Emlinger and Guimbardr (ERAE, 2020) on the heterogeneous effects of per-unit tariffs on trade patterns for developed and developing countries. Analysing import and export data from 2001 to 2013, they confirm the Alchian-Allen conjecture that per-unit trade costs...