Animal disease outbreaks impose significant economic costs that evolve over space and time, but few studies have explicitly modeled their temporal and spatial impacts. Using an integrated epidemiological-economic model, this article demonstrates a methodology that captures the dynamic and...

Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa located between 11°37´ and 23°23´ north latitude and between 00°10´ and 16°00´ east longitude, with an area of 1,267,000 square kilometers. Niger shares borders with Algeria and Libya in the north, Chad in the east, Nigeria and...

Sierra Leone has an area of 72,325 square kilometers and is bordered in the northeast by the Republic of Guinea, in the south and southeast by the Republic of Liberia, and in the west by the North Atlantic Ocean. The country is divided into five main geographical regions: coastline, interior...

The agricultural sector employs approximately 70 percent of the country’s workforce and plays a crucial economic and social role in Togo, contributing to food security, creating jobs, and generating income as well as providing goods and services. Agriculture accounts for 38 percent of...